Endophytic fungal communities of ancient wheat varieties

The fungal community composition and structure of two ancient tetraploid wheat varieties, native Conference Room Tables to the Sicilian territory of Italy, Perciasacchi (winter wheat) and Tumminia (spring wheat) were investigated using High Throughput Sequencing (HTS).This showed a predominance of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes including Alternaria

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Imperialist competition algorithm with quasi-opposition-based learning for function optimization and engineering design problems

Imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is an efficient meta-heuristic algorithm by simulating the competitive behaviour among imperialist countries.However, it still suffers from slow convergence and Wrapping Paper deficiency in exploration.To address these issues, an improved ICA is proposed by combining ICA with a quasi-opposition-based learning

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Optogenetic mimicry of the transient activation of dopamine neurons by natural reward is sufficient for operant reinforcement.

Activation of dopamine receptors in forebrain regions, for minutes or longer, is known to be sufficient for positive reinforcement of stimuli and actions.However, the firing rate of dopamine neurons is increased for only about 200 milliseconds following natural reward events that are better than expected, a response which has been described as a "r

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